Legal · B2B Partners

Data Processing Agreement.

Effective 2026-10-14
What this is. The Data Processing Agreement (DPA) you and SweetNote sign alongside the underlying Master Services Agreement (MSA). It governs the relationship between your organization (the data controller) and The Sweet Note, Inc. (the data processor) when SweetNote handles recipient data on your behalf.

How to execute. The DPA becomes binding the moment the Customer accepts it in-portal at checkout (clickwrap acceptance is fully enforceable under the federal E-SIGN Act and state UETA). Counter-signed PDF copies are generated automatically and made available in the Customer's portal for the audit file. If a counter-signed PDF is needed before signup, request from legal@thesweetnote.com. The DPA is offered as published, same paper for every brand, and is not redlined; questions are answered inline rather than negotiated. Why same paper →

If you enable Outcome Attribution. A separate schedule, the DPA Outcome Attribution Schedule, attaches when Customer turns on Outcome Attribution on a study. It governs the additional inbound conversion-event data flow that feature creates and is executed before the first conversion-enabled QR is generated.

1. Background and scope

This Data Processing Agreement ("DPA") supplements the Master Services Agreement (the "MSA") between The Sweet Note, Inc., a Delaware corporation operating the SweetNote B2B platform ("SweetNote," "we," "us," or "processor"), and a business customer ("Customer," "you," or "controller") that engages SweetNote to process Personal Data relating to Customer's recipients (employees, donors, clients, partners, members, or similar individuals).

This DPA is entered into pursuant to and in accordance with applicable US Data Protection Laws, including the California Consumer Privacy Act and California Privacy Rights Act (CCPA / CPRA), the Illinois Biometric Information Privacy Act (BIPA), the Virginia Consumer Data Protection Act (VCDPA), the Colorado Privacy Act (CPA), the Connecticut Data Privacy Act (CTDPA), the Utah Consumer Privacy Act (UCPA), the Texas Data Privacy and Security Act (TDPSA), the Oregon Consumer Privacy Act (OCPA), the Tennessee Information Protection Act (TIPA), the Montana Consumer Data Privacy Act (MTCDPA), the Delaware Personal Data Privacy Act (DPDPA), the Iowa Consumer Data Protection Act (Iowa CDPA), the New Hampshire Data Privacy Act (NH DPA), the New Jersey Data Privacy Act (NJ DPA), the Minnesota Consumer Data Privacy Act (MN CDPA), the Maryland Online Data Privacy Act (MD ODPA, including its heightened sensitive-data provisions), the Rhode Island Data Transparency and Privacy Protection Act (RI DTPPA), the Kentucky Consumer Data Protection Act (KY CDPA), the Indiana Consumer Data Protection Act (IN CDPA), the Nebraska Data Privacy Act (NDPA), the Florida Digital Bill of Rights (FDBR), and any other US state data-protection law in force at the time of processing. SweetNote serves US-based Customers and US-resident recipients at launch; international expansion is on the post-launch product roadmap, and SweetNote will publish the data-protection and transfer frameworks then required for each recipient jurisdiction if and when international support is enabled.

2. Definitions

3. Roles of the parties

Under this DPA and for the Personal Data processed under the SweetNote service:

SweetNote does not retain, use, sell, share, or disclose Customer's Personal Data outside the specific business purposes set out in this DPA and the underlying MSA. SweetNote does not combine Customer's Personal Data with Personal Data received from other Customers and does not use it for SweetNote's own commercial purposes, except that aggregated, de-identified data may contribute to (a) the cross-tenant benchmark dataset described in Section 4 of this DPA, and (b) SweetNote's external academic publications (including pre-print working papers on the Social Science Research Network, peer-reviewed journal articles, and methodology-replication datasets submitted to research data repositories such as the Open Science Framework). Both (a) and (b) publish only at the sample-floor thresholds documented in Section 4 (k ≥ 10 other contributing brands per benchmark cell (the comparator is the network excluding Customer, so a cell unlocks at eleven brands in total) and n ≥ 25 recipients per cell for the portal benchmark; the elevated k ≥ 15 contributing brands and n ≥ 50 recipients per cell for external academic publications) and never identify individual brands or recipients. Customers may separately opt in under MSA Section 7 to be acknowledged by name as a contributing dataset in external academic publications; that acknowledgment identifies contribution only and does not expose recipient-level data or change the elevated k ≥ 15 / n ≥ 50 academic-publication floor.

CCPA Service Provider commitments. Where SweetNote acts as a Service Provider under CCPA / CPRA (California Civil Code §1798.140(ag)), SweetNote additionally commits, with respect to the Personal Information it processes on Customer's behalf, to:

Analogous controller-processor commitments under VCDPA, CPA, CTDPA, UCPA, TDPSA, OCPA, TIPA, MTCDPA, DPDPA, Iowa CDPA, NH DPA, NJ DPA, MN CDPA, MD ODPA (including its heightened sensitive-data provisions), RI DTPPA, KY CDPA, IN CDPA, NDPA, and FDBR are honored on the same basis where SweetNote processes a covered consumer's Personal Data on Customer's behalf.

Customer-enabled integrations. When Customer configures an integration (for example, webhook destinations that deliver to Customer's own tools, including a CRM Customer points them at), Customer instructs SweetNote to forward the relevant Personal Data, typically pseudonymous per-recipient activity codes that Customer joins to Customer's own records, to Customer's chosen destinations. Each destination is Customer's own subprocessor (Customer chose it, Customer maintains the relationship, Customer is responsible for any privacy disclosures Customer's relationship with the recipient requires). SweetNote acts solely as a pass-through on Customer's documented instructions when forwarding to a Customer-configured destination.

4. Scope and nature of processing

Subject matter

The SweetNote B2B service: hosting and delivery of Customer-supplied video creative, generation of per-recipient QR codes, recipient-facing reveal pages (or, for a direct-delivery study under Section 4A, delivery of each scan to Customer's own page), engagement event capture per the consent architecture described in the privacy notice §5 (scan, video play, watch-depth, fixed three-tap reaction, CTA-click; reactions are anonymous in SweetNote's own dashboard and the cross-tenant benchmark dataset, and aggregated to the campaign; when Customer enables an integration (webhook destinations or similar), engagement events are forwarded to Customer's chosen destinations keyed by a pseudonymous per-recipient code, which Customer joins to their own records on their side; the reveal page does not accept open-ended text input from recipients), aggregate analytics, and ancillary email notifications.

Duration

For the term of the MSA, plus any period required to complete deletion or return of Personal Data as described in Section 13.

Nature and purpose of processing

(a) Ingesting Customer's recipient list. (b) Storing and serving Customer's uploaded video creative. (c) Generating, activating, and linking QR codes to per-recipient reveal pages or, for a direct-delivery study (Section 4A), to the web page Customer designates. (d) On studies that use a SweetNote-hosted reveal page, hosting the reveal page, playing the video, and capturing recipient engagement (the scan/open and its timing, the video-start event — pressing play — and the time-on-page record — how long the reveal was open, powering the aggregate Dwell metric — under legitimate interest; consent decision; consent-gated watch-depth measurement; and the action-as-consent universal three-tap reaction and outbound CTA-click events). (e) Sending transactional emails about the campaign to Customer’s operators (SweetNote does not email recipients). (f) Providing Customer with reporting, dashboards, and webhook event streams.

4A. Direct delivery to Customer's own page

Where Customer elects, for a study, to have each scan delivered to a web page Customer hosts instead of a SweetNote-hosted reveal page (“direct delivery”), the following applies to that study. The provisions of this DPA and of the privacy notice that describe the reveal page apply only to studies that use one.

Categories of Data Subjects

Customer's employees, donors, clients, customers, partners, event guests, members, or similar individuals whom Customer designates as recipients.

Customer represents and warrants that: (a) no recipient is a minor under any applicable law, meaning no recipient under eighteen (18) years of age in general-consumer contexts, and no recipient under whatever higher threshold any applicable state age-appropriate-design statute imposes. For the avoidance of doubt, SweetNote does not knowingly process personal information of any child under thirteen (13) in any context; the federal Children's Online Privacy Protection Act ("COPPA") imposes additional duties on covered services for that age band, and SweetNote architects its B2B service to remain outside the COPPA-covered-service designation; (b) all recipients are U.S. residents at the time of the campaign, Customer agrees not to submit Personal Data of any non-U.S. resident (including EU, UK, Canadian, or other non-U.S. resident) to SweetNote until SweetNote enables international support and publishes the corresponding transfer mechanisms (see Section 9); and (c) Customer is responsible for ensuring recipient lists exclude minors and non-U.S. residents at the point of upload.

SweetNote does not knowingly process Personal Data of minors and does not knowingly process Personal Data of non-U.S. residents under this DPA. If SweetNote becomes aware that Customer has uploaded data that breaches the warranties in this Section, SweetNote will (i) suspend processing of that recipient's data, (ii) notify Customer in writing, and (iii) Customer indemnifies SweetNote under MSA §10 for any regulatory action arising from the unintended processing.

Categories of Personal Data

Customer-elected input modes

The volume of recipient Personal Data SweetNote processes is determined by which of two input modes Customer selects when configuring each campaign. SweetNote does not print or ship; Customer handles fulfillment. The mode is recorded at QR generation and binds the data flow for that campaign:

Both modes preserve the aggregate-only output architecture, the n ≥ 25 per-cell suppression floor, and the BIPA exclusion attestation in §14.1. Customer's mode selection per campaign is recorded in the campaign metadata and is auditable on Customer request.

No model or AI training

SweetNote does not use Customer Personal Data, recipient engagement events, or Conversion Data to train, fine-tune, or evaluate machine-learning or artificial-intelligence models, whether SweetNote's own or any third party's. The de-identified, floor-aggregated data licensed under MSA § 6.3 may be used for statistical benchmark computation and the methodology research described there; that license does not extend to ML or AI model training.

Special categories of Personal Data

Customer should not submit special categories of Personal Data (such as data revealing racial or ethnic origin, political opinions, religious beliefs, health data, biometric data, or similar) through free-text fields unless contractually agreed. Customer-supplied videos may include likenesses of Customer's designated representatives. Customer attests in the MSA that videos comply with the AUP and that Customer holds appropriate releases for any individual whose likeness is included.

Regulated data

SweetNote is not a business associate under HIPAA, and the Services are not designed to hold nonpublic personal information under the Gramm-Leach-Bliley Act or education records under FERPA. Customer will not submit protected health information, financial-account data or education records in any field, including the cohort tags and the optional per-recipient message. A Customer that is a hospital foundation, a school, a college or a university confirms that its recipient list was lawfully prepared for this outreach under its own program before upload. If SweetNote later publishes a HIPAA or FERPA addendum, it is offered on the same paper to every Customer.

Cross-tenant benchmark and anti-reverse-identification controls

Aggregated, de-identified engagement data may contribute to (a) the cross-tenant benchmark dataset surfaced in the brand-facing dashboard and (b) SweetNote's external academic publications (including pre-print working papers on the Social Science Research Network, peer-reviewed journal articles, and methodology-replication datasets submitted to research data repositories such as the Open Science Framework). In each case publication occurs only at the sample-floor thresholds documented below (k ≥ 10 other contributing brands (the comparator is the network excluding Customer, so a cell unlocks at eleven brands in total) and n ≥ 25 recipients per benchmark cell, elevated to k ≥ 15 / n ≥ 50 for academic publication) and never identifies individual brands or recipients.

Anti-reverse-identification controls. SweetNote acknowledges that mere k ≥ 10-other-brands / n ≥ 25 cell suppression does not, on its own, prevent a sophisticated third party from inferring which contributing brand contributed which slice of the published dataset by triangulating on study size, methodology mix, timing of contribution, vertical, or other quasi-identifiers visible in published descriptive statistics. SweetNote therefore applies the following additional controls before any cross-tenant benchmark cell, working paper, or OSF-archived analysis dataset is made publicly available:

The controls in this Section are operational commitments by SweetNote running alongside (not replacing) the sample-floor thresholds above. Customer's right to be informed in advance of publication under clause (iv) and to exclude under clause (v) are contractual rights independent of any Customer opt-in under MSA Section 7.

No-re-identification covenant. Consistent with the de-identification standard in California Civil Code §1798.140(m) and analogous state law, SweetNote covenants that it will not attempt to re-identify any individual recipient or any contributing brand from any de-identified or aggregated dataset; will maintain and use such data only in de-identified, aggregated form; and will contractually obligate any recipient of such data (including academic co-authors and research repositories) to the same commitments. This covenant, together with the aggregation and suppression controls above, is the predicate for SweetNote's position that the cross-tenant benchmark is not a “sale” or “share” of Personal Information under applicable US state privacy law. The Aggregate Insights license that authorizes this processing is granted in MSA Section 6.3.

5. Customer instructions

SweetNote processes Personal Data only on Customer's documented instructions, unless required to do so by applicable law. Customer's instructions for the duration of this DPA are comprised of:

If SweetNote reasonably believes an instruction from Customer violates applicable Data Protection Laws, SweetNote will inform Customer promptly and may suspend the affected processing until Customer revises the instruction.

6. Confidentiality

SweetNote ensures that personnel authorized to process Personal Data are bound by written confidentiality obligations or are under a statutory obligation of confidentiality. Access to Personal Data is restricted to personnel who have a need to know for the performance of their duties; access is logged.

7. Security measures

SweetNote implements and maintains appropriate technical and organizational measures designed to protect Personal Data against accidental or unlawful destruction, loss, alteration, unauthorized disclosure, or access. These measures include, at minimum:

The detailed security posture is published at thesweetnote.com/security.

8. Subprocessors

SweetNote may engage subprocessors to provide portions of the service. The current subprocessor list is published at thesweetnote.com/legal/subprocessors. SweetNote will:

Customer may object to a new subprocessor on reasonable data-protection grounds within the 30-day notice window; SweetNote and Customer will work in good faith to address the objection. If the objection cannot be resolved, Customer may terminate the affected study or any subsequent study and receive a pro-rated refund for the unused portion of pre-paid fees per the refund policy.

9. Data residency and international transfers

9.1 Default US-only posture

SweetNote serves US-based Customers and US-resident recipients at launch. All Personal Data processed under this DPA is stored and processed in the United States (default region: US-East via Supabase managed infrastructure). SweetNote does not transfer Personal Data outside the United States in the ordinary course of providing the Services. If Customer has recipients outside the United States, Customer agrees not to submit such recipient data to SweetNote unless international support has been enabled for Customer in writing by SweetNote.

9.2 International support not yet enabled

SweetNote does not support the processing of non-US-resident Personal Data at launch. If and when SweetNote enables international support for a given recipient jurisdiction, SweetNote will publish and incorporate into this DPA the transfer mechanisms and supporting safeguards then required for that jurisdiction (including any required standard contractual mechanisms, transfer-impact assessment, data-residency election, and onward-transfer safeguards) before any non-US-resident Personal Data is processed. SweetNote will confirm such enablement to Customer in writing, and the then-current mechanisms will govern that processing.

Until SweetNote enables international support for a given jurisdiction, Customer’s submission of non-US-resident Personal Data is a breach of this DPA and triggers the indemnification obligations in MSA Section 10.4.

10. Data subject rights

SweetNote will assist Customer in fulfilling its obligations to respond to Data Subject requests (access, deletion, correction, portability, restriction of processing, objection) by providing Customer with the technical means to identify, retrieve, correct, or delete Personal Data processed under this DPA. SweetNote's standard SLA for providing the technical means in response to a Customer-routed request is 10 business days from Customer's submission of the routed request to SweetNote. Customer's statutory response window to the underlying Data Subject (e.g., the 45-day CCPA response window) runs from Customer's receipt of the original Data Subject request and is independent of SweetNote's 10-business-day processing SLA.

If a Data Subject contacts SweetNote directly with such a request, SweetNote will forward the request to Customer within five (5) business days of receipt and will not respond substantively to the Data Subject unless required by law or authorized by Customer.

Scope of pseudonymization. When SweetNote honors a pseudonymization request, we replace the recipient's identifying token on SweetNote's side and stop further activity tracking for that recipient. Records SweetNote already forwarded to Customer-enabled integrations (e.g., engagement events already written to Customer's own CRM) remain in Customer's systems; the recipient should contact Customer directly to request deletion from those systems.

Integration-destination disclosure. Where SweetNote forwards pseudonymous, token-keyed engagement events to a Customer-enabled integration destination, then so Customer can complete deletion on the integration side, SweetNote will provide Customer, on Customer's written request (and as part of any access or pseudonymization request SweetNote fulfills under this Section 10), the list of destinations that received events for the affected recipient_token, with first-seen and last-seen timestamps per destination, returned within the standard 10-business-day SLA above. The disclosure covers destination identity and counts only; the per-event payloads themselves went to the Customer-controlled destination, are deleted from SweetNote's systems once delivery settles (Section 13), and are not re-disclosed by SweetNote. The list covers delivery records still held under Section 13; a destination Customer has deleted is not included, because its delivery records are deleted with it. Outbound event forwarding is a Customer-enabled integration; this destination log is provisioned together with that integration.

11. Security incident response

SweetNote will notify Customer without undue delay and in any event within 72 hours after becoming aware of a Security Incident affecting Customer's Personal Data, with the detail known at that time and updates as the investigation proceeds. The notification will include:

SweetNote will cooperate with Customer in good faith to investigate the incident and, where required, to provide notifications to regulators or affected Data Subjects. SweetNote will not notify a regulator or a Data Subject about a Security Incident affecting Customer's Personal Data on Customer's behalf without Customer's prior written approval, unless the law requires SweetNote itself to give that notice; in that case SweetNote tells Customer first where the law allows.

12. Audit rights

Customer (or an independent third-party auditor Customer engages) may audit SweetNote's compliance with this DPA at Customer's expense. Most audit requests are satisfied by SweetNote providing:

If the information above is insufficient to demonstrate compliance, Customer may conduct an on-site inspection on 30 days' prior written notice, no more than once per calendar year (unless a Security Incident or regulatory requirement justifies additional inspections), during normal business hours, and subject to reasonable confidentiality and security obligations. Cost-shifting: if the audit identifies a material non-compliance with this DPA that is attributable to SweetNote, SweetNote will reimburse Customer's reasonable, documented audit costs and will remediate the identified non-compliance within thirty (30) days of the audit findings (or such longer period as the Parties reasonably agree based on the nature of the remediation).

12.1 Data Protection Impact Assessment

SweetNote maintains and completes a Data Protection Impact Assessment (DPIA, or equivalent risk assessment under applicable U.S. state law) for any material new processing activity that involves a likely high risk to the rights and freedoms of recipients, including any feature involving systematic or large-scale automated evaluation. A DPIA-equivalent risk assessment has been completed for the Outcome Attribution Schedule processing and is available to Customer under NDA on request to legal@thesweetnote.com. Where applicable U.S. state law treats a processing activity as assessment-triggering, SweetNote will complete the corresponding assessment before initiating that processing and will make it available to Customer to support Customer’s own controller-side obligations.

13. Return and deletion of Personal Data

On termination or expiration of the MSA, or on Customer's written request, SweetNote will (at Customer's option) either return all Personal Data processed on Customer's behalf to Customer in a commonly used format, or securely delete all such Personal Data from SweetNote's systems and instruct subprocessors to do the same. Default if Customer does not elect within 30 days of termination: Personal Data is deleted on the retention schedule below. That schedule runs on its own clock whether or not the MSA is still in force, so nothing is kept longer because the relationship ended, and nothing is deleted sooner than the schedule states. What remains after the schedule has run is only what it names as outliving the Personal Data: consent records and audit logs for their stated periods, de-identified aggregates, anything a legal hold requires, and any artifact Customer itself exported. SweetNote confirms completion in writing on request.

Default retention (if Customer does not instruct otherwise). SweetNote retains data on the following schedule:

The windows above are the same for every Customer. The one per-study election is the shorter video window described above; SweetNote does not run a different retention schedule for one Customer than for another. Legal-hold exceptions: SweetNote may retain Personal Data for longer where required by applicable law (e.g., tax records, dispute retention, compelled legal process); the basis will be documented in writing on request.

13.1 Draft-state recipient data (pre-payment)

The SweetNote portal allows Customer to configure a campaign, including uploading a recipient CSV, before the campaign is paid for and launched. Personal Data uploaded into a campaign in draft state (a campaign that has been configured but not yet paid for and launched) is held under the same security measures described in Section 7, and is governed by the following additional commitments:

What this means in plain language for Customer's legal team. The draft state exists so Customer's team can fully configure and review a campaign, including the recipient list, before deciding to commit to and launch it. The data-handling commitments above ensure that recipient PII held during this window is protected to the same standard as a live campaign, never used for purposes beyond rendering Customer's draft, and deletable by Customer at any time. The architectural rule is: account = configuration; QR generation = recipients = commercial commitment + activation date. Draft state is part of configuration; nothing recipient-facing happens until commercial commitment is recorded and the activation date arrives.

14. Biometric and content-moderation exclusions

14.1 Biometric Information Privacy Act (BIPA) exclusion attestation

For Customer's avoidance of doubt with respect to the Illinois Biometric Information Privacy Act, 740 ILCS 14 (BIPA), and analogous state biometric privacy statutes:

14.2 No automated content moderation of Customer-supplied video

SweetNote does not run automated content moderation, biometric analysis, content-classification, or similar automated review on Customer-supplied videos. Specifically:

SweetNote will provide a counter-signed copy of this attestation to Customer's legal team on request, alongside the executed DPA, for inclusion in Customer's vendor records.

15. Limitation of liability

Each party's liability under this DPA is subject to the limitations and exclusions set out in MSA Section 9. For clarity, claims arising from a Security Incident, data breach, or other violation of this DPA are subject to the Data-Protection Cap in MSA §9.2(a) (the greater of 2× the General Cap or $500,000), not the General Cap. Direct damages arising from a SweetNote breach of this DPA, including breach-response costs, regulatory fines properly assessed against Customer, notification costs, and credit-monitoring services for affected recipients, are direct damages and are not excluded by the MSA consequential-damages waiver. Nothing in this DPA excludes or limits either party's liability for (a) breach of confidentiality obligations, except that a claim arising from a Security Incident, data breach or other violation of this DPA is governed by the Data-Protection Cap as MSA §9.3(a) provides, even where it is also characterized as a breach of confidentiality, (b) gross negligence, fraud, or willful misconduct, or (c) liabilities that cannot be excluded under applicable law.

16. Term, survival, and changes

This DPA enters into force when both parties have executed the MSA and remains in force for so long as SweetNote processes Personal Data on Customer's behalf. Sections 4 (the cross-tenant benchmark and anti-reverse-identification controls, including the no-re-identification covenant, for as long as SweetNote retains or publishes any aggregated data derived from Customer's use), 6 (Confidentiality), 8 (Subprocessors), 10 (Data subject rights, for as long as SweetNote retains Personal Data subject to the retention schedule in Section 13), 11 (Security incident response), 13 (Return and deletion), 14 (Biometric and content-moderation exclusions, including §14.1 BIPA and §14.2 no automated content moderation), and 15 (Limitation of liability) survive termination.

SweetNote may update this DPA where required to comply with applicable law or to reflect material service changes; substantive changes are communicated to Customer with at least 30 days' notice and require Customer's written acceptance to take effect. For updates required by changes in applicable law, Customer's acceptance will not be unreasonably withheld.

17. Governing law and jurisdiction

This DPA is governed by the law of the jurisdiction specified in the underlying MSA. Disputes are resolved in the forum specified in the MSA. Where the MSA does not specify, this DPA is governed by the laws of the State of Delaware, with exclusive venue in the state and federal courts located in Wilmington, Delaware (subject to the equitable-relief and confidentiality carveouts in the underlying MSA).

18. Contacts

SweetNote / The Sweet Note, Inc.
Data Protection contact: privacy@thesweetnote.com or legal@thesweetnote.com
Security incident contact: security@thesweetnote.com
DSAR routing: privacy@thesweetnote.com or legal@thesweetnote.com (both addresses reach the same intake queue)

19. Execution

This DPA is executed by both parties alongside the MSA. Acceptance is binding immediately upon Customer's in-portal acceptance at checkout (clickwrap, fully enforceable under E-SIGN/UETA). SweetNote's counter-signature is applied automatically by the platform typically within minutes of Customer's acceptance, and the counter-signed PDF is stored in the Customer's portal at Settings → Contracts and emailed to the contact on the Customer's account for the audit file. The DPA is offered as published, same paper for every brand, and is not redlined; structural fairness across customers is treated as a product commitment. Questions are answered inline rather than negotiated.

Pre-launch note. SweetNote is operating in early-customer cohort through the platform's first paid studies. Some control attestations referenced in Section 7 (e.g., SOC 2 Type 1) reach formal completion on the post-launch roadmap once the audit-evidence window from early customer studies builds. Estimated targets and updates are published on /security; the DPA controls themselves are operating-day-one. If SOC 2 Type 1 or Type 2 is a hard renewal prerequisite for your team, email us before you commit so the timing path can be agreed in writing rather than at renewal.